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The Perception of Time

We are tune bound all the day and night and dictated by clocks every moment. All of life structure is scheduled in terms of hours and minutes. We are supposed to follow strictly use fixture of time every where in daily life and have make our estimates about the measurement of time. But apart from all this we have our own perception of time which has nothing do with the clocks. Only five or ten minutes of waiting for a friend en a roadside sometimes are perceived much longer than an hour. On the other hand, as long passage of time as two to three hours spent on interesting movie or a sitting with loved persons is perceived as “just a short while”.

A person, who owes an amount of money to another and has given him a word, tends mostly, if not always, to estimate the date a day or two behind. The person, on the contrary, who is looking forward anxiously to returning of money is liable to guess the date a day or two earlier. One same lecture opined as “lengthy” and “very brief by two different students of the same class is another example. The reason is obviously the perception of time, typical on the part of each person according to his interest.

There may be many factors to influence our perception of time such as sense of the sequence of the events, memory of the past, and feeling of time passage after a certain event and an orientation toward the future. A number of primitive tribes measure time in terms of past social events and not in units of duration. It will not be much surprising for such societies that time perception is less different than in our own. The islanders New Giainea, for example, have neither past nor future in their verbs. Real or mythical they state all events as taking place in a sort of universal present (Lee. 1949).

Factors Affecting Perception of Time

It is the perceiver who matters in the study of perception of time. The factors of age, intelligence, activity and innovation have been studied in considerable detail. All’ factors relate to the perceiver, as the perceived is time which remains as it is and measured in universal units.

(i) Age and Experience:

The ability to perceive time undergoes development in an orderly course along with advancement in age. Specific time concepts are acquired on account of all individual differences. This was demonstrated in study dealing with children’s knowledge of dock time. The apparent duration of weeks, months and years varies with the age of the subject. Relationship was found between ages and estimation of time demonstrated by them.

(ii) Motivation:

A person involved in interesting task will perceive the duration much less whereas time spent in monotonous work is usually overestimated. Judgment of time is related to feelings of success or failure. The subjects who experience failure judge an interval as longer than do those who experience success. A given interval of time is also estimated as longer by subjects trying to get through a task in order to reach a desired goal. Those who worked without much motivation seemed to take less time.

(iii) Drugs:

According to study by Goldstone, Boardman (1958), amphetamine and secobarbital are among a number of drugs that influence the apparent length of time. Under the influence of amphetamine individual perceives an interval shorter than a second as a second i.e. a minute much shorter than a minute. Secobarbital has the opposite effect meaning that a period of time will be perceived as zonger than the real one. Jazz musicians belie that marijuana improves the sense of time and rhythm empirical evidence does not support this point of view (Aldrich 194.4). It is quite possible, however, that marijuana, b making a physical unit of time seem longer, encourages the drummer or other musician to attempt a fast beat.

John S Lam is an IT Instructor at Examskey. He is CISSP Certified Professional. Take the benefit of our 200-120 material and assure your success. Check out our free demo of all certifications Exams.

The Perception of Distance, Depth

We look at objects and try to judge distances to make necessary adjustments. Many of the objects have also their third dimension, which is to be perceived simultaneously with distance generally. To include the third dimension of objects we may name this area perception as depth perception, which means perception of distance of the object from the observer and that of its depth (third dimension). As we look at parked car we perceive it as a three dimensional object of a specific size and shape located at certain distance. It is not necessary for the object to be perceived in all the intermediate positions to be seen as moving. The eyes never follow a moving object with sufficient precision for keeping it in full view all the times. Perception is a process, as we know, that fills in the blanks.

How can the human retina - a curved two dimensional surface enable us to perceive a world of three dimensional objects? The wonderful manner in which this complicated process of perception takes place can be understood to an extent in the light of the following explanation. The retina is able to register images only in terms, left - right and up - down. Yet we have the perception as having an extra dimension of depth.

The Binocular Cues for Depth Perception

So far we have discussed the monocular cues of depth perception. One eyed people, it is said, under most of the conditions, have quite adequate depth perception. As most of us look at the world with both eyes we thus add simultaneously the binocular cues from depth perception. There are two outstanding binocular cues.

 
(i) Retinal Disparity:

Retinal disparity is the difference in the images falling on the retinas of the two eyes. The geometrical diagram of the situation can help explain the cue when the eyes view an object. The fovea in centre of the retina is much more sensitive than the rest. While Looking at an object, we fixate our eyes; point them in a manner of speaking so that the image of the object falls mostly on each fovea. But since the two eyes are at a distance, of 65 mm from each other, separately situated, they get slightly different view of the object. The two images will, obviously, be not exactly the similar to each other. The correspondence between distance and the amount of disparity is the reason why retinal disparity can be used as a cue for depth perception.

 
(ii) Convergence:

This is a cue from the sensory receptors in the muscles that turn and point the two eyes together. For objects of farther away than about 20 meters, the lines of sight of the two eyes are essentially parallel. For nearer and nearer objects however, the eyes turn more and more toward each other. That is to say, they converge. The greater the convergence, the greater the tension in the muscles turning the eyes. This indicates that there is a relationship between muscle tension and the distance of an object. The sensory input from the tension receptors in the muscles may give us a cue for depth perception. There is also a controversy over the role of these sensory inputs is a cue to depth.

John S Lam is an IT Instructor at Examskey. He is 70-680 Certified Professional. Take the benefit of our 200-120 material and assure your success. Check out our free demo of all certifications Exams.

THE ORIGIN OF PSYCHOLOGY

Philosophy is the mother of all sciences. Name any discipline, you will find its origin in Philosophy. Philosophy which literally means Love of knowledge (Philo: Love, sophy: knowledge, in Greek) gave birth to numberless disciplines of knowledge. That is why we find in the beginning of every major discipline the names of most known philosophers. Whether Mathematics,’ Chemistry and Biology or Psychology, Economics or Political Science the college Freshman finds almost the same names of philosophers as the founder one among many.

Demonology in the East: All occurrences of abnormal behaviour are the work of spirits, good or evil. Spirits can leave one’s body and visit other places during dreams or visions. Many other such ideas and the idea of soul continuing to exist after death, developed very early. Mythology, as the culture travelled through ages, based on earthly analogies became complex and powerful. That the demons and evil spirits take over the organism has been a popular conviction some centuries ago. The concept of Trans migration of Souls prevailed about’ eight centuries before Christ which followed Yoga thought form even to lay a part strong belief in certain areas of the schemetement.

The former emphasized continuity of existence of soul in changed forms “on every new birth of an individual. The soul would transcend into inferior shape (species) if it was of an ill doer and into a higher, superior one in case of noble deeds. Yoga was a philosophy for elevation and improvement of human soul and body as well as for the best possible coordination of both. In 7^th century BC Buddha’s teachings provided guidelines for emancipation of human beings to improve their plight and alleviate their sufferings. He held that this world was a place of miseries which were only due to unjustified human desires. He taught that man could’ relieve himself of sufferings if he overcomes his desires and bestial wishes.

            A renowned philosopher Avicenna made valuable contribution to mental health. He emphasized on Hypnos is and suggestibility of man that could be exploited for treatment and rehabilitation of the mentally ill. He advanced the idea that delusions and hallucination are responsible for the illness of normal individuals. “Will power,” he thought could heal up the sick, mailing persons.

The Influence of Divine Guidance

            During the 11^th and 12^th century AD we find great names such as Al - Ghazali, Ibn Rushd, Farabi and Raazi who explained self, soul and human nature. Roomi and Ibn-e-Khaldoon are also among the thinkers who expressed their detailed views on some aspects of human entity.

Such were the ideas prevailing in the Sub - continent and most of Asian, African and European countries centuries before Christ. This interest explaining behaviour was confined to the abnormal and only severe cases, when violence and torture was exercised on the victims to
correct or heal them. This practice is largely in vogue even at present (near the outset of 21^st century) in those regions which least benefited from Divine Revelations communicated to humanity in the Pre-Christian or post Muhammad on eras. The religion influence improved initially the ideas to remarkable better and clearer.

John S Lam is an IT Instructor at Examskey. He is SY0-301 Certified Professional. Take the benefit of our 200-120 material and assure your success. Check out our free demo of all certifications Exams.